Articles/Courses in this Issue include: 

A Case of Atypical Macular Holes in a Patient with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus:
A Retrospective Analysis

Sepinood Sebghati, DDS, OD, FAAO, 

Full-thickness macular holes are a leading cause of central vision loss. Macular holes are defined as primary if caused by vitreous traction or secondary if from any other causes. The occurrence of simultaneous, bilateral macular holes is an extremely rare phenomenon. This case report evaluates potential etiogeneses of atypical macular holes in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus treated with hydroxychloroquine.
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Macular Atrophy in Middle Aged:
A Case Report of Central Areolar Choroidal Dystrophy

Sarah Demty, OD; Amanda Hunter, OD; Joseph Mega, OD; Thomas Cesaro, OD; Claire Messina, OD

Central areolar choroidal dystrophy (CACD) is a rare inherited  macular disease affecting the retinal pigment epithelium and choriocapillaris. It leads to gradual and progressive loss of central vision due to atrophy of the retinal layers. Often confused with dry age related macular degeneration, CACD affects younger patients starting as early as adolescence, and typically results in legal blindness by the seventh decade. 
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Ocular Disorders in Pediatric Populations. 
David Sandrowski OD, FAAO; Robert W. Lingua, MD

Primary eye care physicians address ocular disease disorders in the adult population on a routine basis in their offices.  Far less commonly, the pediatric ocular disease presents and may give concern of an ocular disorder which may be a harbinger of a more serious condition and that should not be missed on examination. The following ocular conditions are reviewed: infections of the Eye and Anterior Adenexa, Pediatric Lid Infections,  Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction, Pediatric Ocular Trauma, Traumatic Corneal Abaisons, Traumatic Hyphema, Traumatic Iritis, Non-accidental Trauma, Pediatric Cataracts, and Pediatric Glaucoma.  
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Diagnosis and Management of Choroidal Folds

Maria E. Salado, OD; Steven Ferrucci, OD, FAAO; Brenda S. Yeh, OD, FAAO

When choroidal folds are first detected, it is important to complete a proper work up to rule out a potential vision or life threatening condition. This case report (69 year old male) reviews important steps a clinician should take before reaching a diagnosis of idiopathic choroidal folds as well as review ancillary testing needed to properly diagnose and manage this condition.
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